Standardization of urinary tract infection diagnosis in the neonatal ICU: Experience at a tertiary care center.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and antibiotic overexposure are common neonatal problems. Recently, evidence has emerged that a standardized approach to neonatal UTI can reduce unnecessary diagnosis without complications. This quality improvement project aimed to achieve those goals in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS: A UTI diagnosis guideline was adapted from the literature with the goal of maximizing the proportion of diagnosed UTIs that conform to accepted diagnostic criteria: >10,000 CFU/mL of one organism with pyuria, or >50,000 CFU/mL of one organism regardless of pyuria. The guideline was implemented in a level III NICU. Adherence, results, and complications were monitored for 12 months. RESULTS: Guideline adherence after implementation was favorable, as evidenced by increased adoption of urinalysis with microscopy. There was a non-significant increase in diagnostic adherence to criteria, 87% to 93%, and non-significant decrease in the rate of UTI diagnosis, 39% to 36%. Complications were not significantly changed. Most UTIs were due to gram-negative rods, especially E. coli; Enterococcus was a common contaminant. CONCLUSIONS: A guideline for diagnosing UTIs can safely increase uniformity. In contrast to previously published results, no significant changes were seen in the rate of UTI or the proportion of diagnoses conforming to the criteria for UTI. It is likely that guideline effects depend on the established practices of NICU providers. Additionally, a consistent pattern was seen in which organisms were more likely to be judged the source of true UTIs or contaminated cultures, meriting further study.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) of a toddler initially presenting with fever and pyuria.

We report a case of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in an East Asian toddler. He presented with a 2-day history of fever and pyuria, 5 weeks before that he had recovered from COVID-19. He was initially treated as urinary tract infection. On day 5 of fever, he was noted to have bilateral non-suppurative limbus-sparing conjunctivitis, red and cracked lips and erythematous extremities. Investigations showed raised inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate), thrombocytopenia and a markedly elevated NT-proBNP. He received prompt and appropriate treatment inpatient; however, he still had mild coronary abnormalities at 9 months postdischarge. The aim of this paper is to describe the initial presentation and progress of a case of MIS-C. The unique features of this case are his initial presentation of pyuria and notably, his demography (young age, East Asian) which is more typical of Kawasaki disease than MIS-C.

Diagnostic accuracy of urine biomarkers for urinary tract infection in older women: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common among older women. However, diagnosis is challenging because of frequent chronic lower urinary tract symptoms, cognitive impairment, and a high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB). Current urine diagnostics lack specificity, leading to unnecessary treatment and antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 12 urine biomarkers for diagnosing UTI in older women. METHODS: In this case-control study, cases were women ≥65 years with ≥2 new-onset lower urinary tract symptoms, pyuria, and one uropathogen ≥104 CFU/mL. Controls were asymptomatic and classified as ASB (one uropathogen ≥105 CFU/mL), negative culture, or mixed flora. Urine biomarker concentrations were measured through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and ELISA. Diagnostic accuracy parameters of individual biomarkers and a biomarker model were derived from receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: We included 162 community-dwelling and institutionalized older women. Five urine inflammatory biomarkers demonstrated high discriminative ability (area under the curve ≥0.80): interleukin 6, azurocidin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2, and C-X-C motif chemokine 9. Azurocidin exhibited the highest diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity 86% [95% CI 75%-93%] and specificity 89% [95% CI 82%-94%] at 16.7 ng/mmol creatinine). A combined biomarker and pyuria model showed improved diagnostic accuracy in patients with UTI and ASB, compared with pyuria alone. DISCUSSION: We identified several urine biomarkers that accurately differentiated older women with UTI from asymptomatic women, including ASB. These findings represent a potential advancement towards improved diagnostics for UTI in older women and warrant validation in a diverse population.

Asymptomatic pyuria and bacteriuria are not risk factors for urinary tract infection in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus initiated SGLT2 inhibitors.

PURPOSE: Asymptomatic pyuria and bacteriuria are more prevalent in diabetic patients and may be associated with urinary tract infection (UTI). The aim of this study is to investigate the association between asymptomatic pyuria/bacteriuria at the initiation of SGLT2 inhibitor and UTI risk in female patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The study was designed as a practical, single-center, prospective, cohort study. The female outpatients with type 2 diabetes initiated SGLT2 inhibitor were included. Patients who were symptomatic or treated in the past 3 months for urinary or genital tract infection, had a high risk for UTI were excluded. Hospitalization/antibiotic use for indications other than UTI were exclusion criteria during follow-up. All patients were followed up for 3 months. Pyuria and bacteriuria were exposure and, UTI was the outcome. Cumulative incidence and relative risk of UTI were analyzed for pyuria and bacteriuria. RESULTS: 143 female patients were included among 1132 female type 2 diabetic patients. 13 patients were excluded during follow-up. 41.5% of the patients (n = 54) had pyuria and 28.5% (n = 37) had bacteriuria. The cumulative incidence of UTI was 20% in the whole cohort, 25,9% (n = 14/54) in the pyuria group and 18.9% (n = 7/37) in the bacteriuria group. The relative risk of UTI was 1.64 (95% CI: 0.82-3.26, p = 0.15) for pyuria, 0.92 (95% CI: 0.42-2.01, p = 0.84) for bacteriuria, and 1.2 (95% CI: 0.47-3.08, p = 0.69) for pyuria plus bacteriuria. Adjusted odd ratios revealed similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic pyuria/bacteriuria at the initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors are not risk factors for UTI in women with type 2 diabetes.

Clinical Course of Children 1 to 24 Months Old With Positive Urine Cultures Without Pyuria.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical course of children with positive urine cultures without pyuria who were not given antibiotics initially, identify predictors of subsequent antibiotic treatment, and evaluate the association between subsequent treatment and urinary tract infection (UTI) within 30 days. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of children 1 to 24 months old who had positive urine cultures without pyuria and who were not started on antibiotics upon presentation to 3 health care systems from 2010 to 2021. Outcomes included clinical status at the time urine cultures resulted, escalation of care (emergency department visit or hospitalization) and subsequent antibiotic treatment within 7 days, and subsequent UTI within 30 days of presentation. RESULTS: Of 202 included children, 61% were female and median age was 9 months. Of 151 patients with clinical status information when cultures resulted, 107 (70.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 62.9-77.9%) were improved. Two of 202 children (1.0%, 95% CI 0.2-4.0%) experienced care escalation. Antibiotics were started in 142 (82.2%) children, and treatment was associated with prior UTI (risk ratio [RR] 1.20, 95% CI 1.15-1.26) and lack of improvement (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.13-1.33). Subsequent UTI was diagnosed in 2 of 164 (1.2%, 95% CI 0.1-4.3%) treated and 0 of 36 (0%, 95% CI 0-9.7%) untreated children. CONCLUSIONS: Seventy percent of children with positive urine cultures without pyuria improved before starting antibiotics; however, >80% were ultimately treated. Future research should study the impact of diagnostic stewardship interventions and various urine testing strategies to optimize the management of children evaluated for UTI.retain-->.

High risk and low prevalence diseases: Infected urolithiasis.

INTRODUCTION: Infected urolithiasis is a serious condition that carries with it a high rate of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: This review highlights the pearls and pitfalls of infected urolithiasis, including presentation, diagnosis, and management in the emergency department based on current evidence. DISCUSSION: Although urolithiasis is common and the vast majority can be treated conservatively, the presence of a concomitant urinary tract infection significantly increases the risk of morbidity, to include sepsis and mortality. Identification of infected urolithiasis can be challenging as patients may have symptoms similar to uncomplicated urolithiasis and/or pyelonephritis. However, clinicians should consider infected urolithiasis in toxic-appearing patients with fever, chills, dysuria, and costovertebral angle tenderness, especially in those with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections. Positive urine leukocyte esterase, nitrites, and pyuria in conjunction with an elevated white blood cell count may be helpful to identify infected urolithiasis. Patients should be resuscitated with fluids and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Additionally, computed tomography and early urology consultation are recommended to facilitate definitive care. CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of infected urolithiasis can assist emergency clinicians in diagnosing and managing this potentially deadly disease.

Optimizing the Yield of In-and-Out Urinary Catheter Cultures by Applying a "Midstream-Like" Approach in Pediatric Patients.

Despite appropriate disinfection, sample contamination during in-and-out urinary catheterization is not uncommon, yielding false-positive and "mixed-culture" interpretations. We implemented a "midstream-like" catheterization technique, and cultured both first- and second-voided urine fractions. Second-fraction cultures exhibited less contaminants and "mixed-culture" interpretations and were better aligned with pyuria, thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy and minimizing the risk of clinical misdiagnosis and unwarranted antibiotic use.

Diagnosis of urinary tract infection in infants under 3 months with fever without a source: reliability of urinalysis and urine culture.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is infants' most common serious bacterial infection. This study aimed to investigate the reliability of urianalysis (UA) to predict UTI, to specify the colony forming units (CFU)/ml threshold for diagnosis, and to identify variables that help suspect bacteremia in infants under 3 months with UTI. METHODS: We reviewed clinical records of children under 3 months hospitalized for a fever without source and recorded age, sex, days of fever pre-consultation, temperature and severity at admission, discharge diagnoses, laboratory tests, and treatments. According to the discharge diagnosis, we divided them into UTIs (-) and (+) with or without bacteremia. RESULTS: A total of 467 infants were admitted: 334 with UTI and 133 without UTI. In UTIs (+), the pyuria had a sensitivity of 95.8% and bacteria (+) 88.3%; specificity was high, especially for nitrites (96.2%) and bacteria (+) (92.5%). Positive predictive value (PPV) for nitrites was 95.9%, for bacteria 96.7%, and oyuria 92.5%. Escherichia coli was present in 83.8% of urine and 87% of blood cultures. UTIs with bacteremia had inflammatory urinalysis, urine culture > 100,000 CFU/ml, and higher percentage of C reactive protein (CRP) > 50 mg (p= 0.002); 94.6% of the urine culture had > 50,000 CFU. CONCLUSIONS: The pyuria and bacteria (+) in urine obtained by catheterization predict UTI. The cut-off point for diagnosis was ≥ 50,000 CFU/ml. No variables to suspect bacteremia were identified in this study.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La infección del tracto urinario (ITU) es una infección bacteriana grave frecuente en lactantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar la fiabilidad del análisis de orina (AO) para predecirla, precisar el umbral de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC)/ml para el diagnóstico y buscar variables que ayuden a sospechar de bacteriemia en lactantes menores de 3 meses con ITU. MÉTODOS: Se revisaron fichas clínicas de lactantes menores de 3 meses hospitalizados por fiebre sin foco evidente, registrando edad, sexo, días de fiebre preconsulta, temperatura y gravedad al ingreso, diagnósticos de egreso, exámenes de laboratorio y tratamientos. Según diagnóstico de egreso, se separaron en ITU (-) y (+), con o sin bacteriemia. RESULTADOS: Ingresaron 467 lactantes: 334 con ITU y 133 sin ITU. En ITU (+), la sensibilidad de la piuria fue de 95.8% y bacterias (+) 88.3%; la especificidad fue alta para nitritos (96.2%) y bacterias (+) (92.5%). El valor predictivo positivo (VPP) fue de 95.9% para nitritos, 96.7% para bacterias y 92.5% para piuria. Escherichia coli se encontró en el 83.8% de los urocultivos (UC) (+) y en el 87% de los hemocultivos (+). Las ITU con bacteriemia presentaron elementos inflamatorios, UC con ≥ 100,000 UFC/ml y mayor porcentaje de proteína C reactiva (PCR) > 50 mg/l (p= 0.002); el 94.6% de los UC (+) tuvo ≥ 50,000 UFC/ml. CONCLUSIONES: La piuria y bacterias (+) en el AO son excelentes para pronosticar ITU en orina obtenida con sonda vesical y el punto de corte para el diagnóstico debe ser ≥ 50,000 UFC/ml. No encontramos señales que ayudaran a sospechar ITU con bacteriemia.

The relationship between abnormal urinalysis findings and appendicitis location.

AIMS: Acute appendicitis is a common cause of acute abdomen in general surgery and early diagnosis is crucial for prognosis. Abnormal urinalysis results have been associated with appendicitis in some studies, with reports of microscopic hematuria or pyuria in laboratory tests. The aim of this article is to evaluate the relationship between laboratory findings of hematuria, pyuria, and the location of acute appendicitis. METHODS: This retrospective study included 577 patients who underwent appendectomy for suspected acute appendicitis between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022, at the general surgery clinic of Samsun Training and Research Hospital. RESULTS: Among the 577 patients, 247 were female and 330 were male, with a median age of 34 years. A statistically significant difference was observed between appendicitis location and erythrocyte values (p = 0.009), specifically in paraileal and retrocecal locations. There was a statistically significant difference between appendicitis location and leukocyte values (p < 0.001), with significant differences found in paraileal, promontoric, and retrocecal locations. A statistically significant difference was observed between appendicitis location and leukocyte esterase values (p = 0.002), specifically in paraileal and retrocecal locations. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Abnormal urinalysis findings are not uncommon in patients with acute appendicitis. Our study demonstrated a significant correlation between tit erythrocyte, tit leukocyte, and tit leukocyte esterase positivity with appendicitis locations. Therefore, we believe that pathological findings in urine tests of patients undergoing surgery with a preliminary diagnosis of appendicitis can provide valuable information to surgeons regarding the location of the appendix, ultimately aiding in optimizing the timing and cost of the operation.

Systemic lupus erythematosus with high disease activity identification based on machine learning.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical evaluation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease activity is limited and inconsistent, and high disease activity significantly, seriously impacts on SLE patients. This study aims to generate a machine learning model to identify SLE patients with high disease activity. METHOD: A total of 1014 SLE patients with low disease activity and 453 SLE patients with high disease activity were included. A total of 94 clinical, laboratory data and 17 meteorological indicators were collected. After data preprocessing, we use mutual information and multisurf to evaluate and select the importance of features. The selected features are used for machine learning modeling. Performance of the model is evaluated and verified by a series of binary classification indicators. RESULTS: We screened out hematuria, proteinuria, pyuria, low complement, precipitation, sunlight and other features for model construction by integrated feature selection. After hyperparameter optimization, the LGB has the best performance (ROC: AUC = 0.930; PRC: AUC = 0.911, APS = 0.913; balance accuracy: 0.856), and the worst is the naive bayes (ROC: AUC = 0.849; PRC: AUC = 0.719, APS = 0.714; balance accuracy: 0.705). Finally, the selection of features has good consistency in the composite feature importance bar plot. CONCLUSION: We identify SLE patients with high disease activity by a simple machine learning pipeline, especially the LGB model based on the characteristics of proteinuria, hematuria, pyuria and other feathers screened out by collective feature selection.

Pyuria as an independent predictor of intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

PURPOSE: About one-third of patients who undergo radical nephroureterectomy (RNUx) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) experience intravesical recurrence (IVR). This study investigated whether pyuria is a feasible predictor of IVR after RNUx in patients with UTUC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven hundred forty-three patients with UTUC who underwent RNUx at a single institute were analyzed in this study. The participants were divided into two groups: those without pyuria (non-pyuria) and those with pyuria. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed, and p-values were assessed using the log-rank test. Cox regression analyses were performed to identify the independent predictors of survival. RESULTS: The pyuria group had a shorter IVR-free survival period (p=0.009). The five-year IVR-free survival rate was 60.0% in the non-pyuria group vs. 49.7% in the pyuria group according to the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. After the multivariate Cox regression analysis, pyuria (hazard ratio [HR]=1.368; p=0.041), a concurrent bladder tumor (HR=1.757; p=0.005), preoperative ureteroscopy (HR=1.476; p=0.013), laparoscopic surgery (HR=0.682; p=0.048), tumor multiplicity (HR=1.855; p=0.007), and a larger tumor (HR=1.041; p=0.050) were predictors of risk for IVR. There was no association between pyuria and recurrence-free survival (p=0.057) or cancer-specific survival (p=0.519) in the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that pyuria was an independent predictor of IVR in patients with UTUC after RNUx.

Kawasaki disease in children with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin scar reactivity: Focus on coronary outcomes.

BACKGROUND: /Purpose: Reactivity at the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) scar is a pathognomonic feature of Kawasaki disease (KD). However, its value in predicting KD outcomes has not been emphasized. This study explored the clinical significance of BCG scar redness with respect to coronary artery outcomes. METHODS: This retrospective study collected data on children with KD from 13 hospitals in Taiwan during 2019-2021. Children with KD were categorized into four groups based on the KD type and BCG scar reactivity. Risk factors of coronary artery abnormalities (CAA) were analyzed in all groups. RESULTS: BCG scar redness occurred in 49% of 388 children with KD. BCG scar redness was associated with younger age, early intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment, hypoalbuminemia, and CAA at the first echocardiogram (p < 0.01). BCG scar redness (RR 0.56) and pyuria (RR 2.61) were independent predictors of any CAA within 1 month (p < 0.05). Moreover, pyuria (RR 5.85, p < 0.05) in children with complete KD plus BCG scar redness was associated with CAA at 2-3 months; first IVIG resistance (RR 15.2) and neutrophil levels ≥80% (RR 8.37) in children with complete KD plus BCG scar non-redness were associated with CAA at 2-3 months (p < 0.05). We failed to detect any significant risk factors of CAA at 2-3 months in children with incomplete KD. CONCLUSION: BCG scar reactivity contributes to diverse clinical features in KD. It can be effectively applied to determine the risk factors of any CAA within 1 month and CAA at 2-3 months.

Urine specific gravity, pyuria, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for identifying urinary tract infection in young children.

BACKGROUND: To determine whether urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) might be superior to pyuria for detecting urinary tract infection (UTI) regardless of urine specific gravity (SG) in young children. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of children aged < 3 years who were evaluated for UTI with urinalysis, urine culture, and uNGAL measurements during a 5-year period. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios (LRs), predictive values (PVs), area under the curves (AUCs) of uNGAL cut-off levels, and various microscopic pyuria thresholds for detecting UTI were calculated for dilute (SG < 1.015) and concentrated urine (SG ≥ 1.015). RESULTS: Of 456 children included, 218 had UTI. The diagnostic value of urine white blood cell (WBC) concentration to define UTI changed with urine SG. For detecting UTI, uNGAL cut-off of 68.4 ng/mL had higher AUC values than pyuria ≥ 5 WBCs/high power field (HPF) for dilute and concentrated urine samples (both P < 0.05). Positive LR and PV and specificity of uNGAL were all greater than those of pyuria ≥ 5 WBCs/HPF regardless of urine SG, although the sensitivity of pyuria ≥ 5 WBCs/HPF was higher than that of uNGAL cut-off for dilute urine (93.8% vs. 83.5%) (P < 0.05). At uNGAL ≥ 68.4 ng/mL and ≥ 5 WBCs/HPF, posttest probabilities of UTI were 68.8% and 57.5% for dilute urine and 73.4% and 57.3% for concentrated urine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Urine SG can affect the diagnostic performance of pyuria for detecting UTI and uNGAL might be helpful for identifying UTI regardless of urine SG in young children. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Current Pyuria Cutoffs Promote Inappropriate Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis in Older Women.

BACKGROUND: Pre-existing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), cognitive impairment, and the high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) complicate the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in older women. The presence of pyuria remains the cornerstone of UTI diagnosis. However, >90% of ASB patients have pyuria, prompting unnecessary treatment. We quantified pyuria by automated microscopy and flowcytometry to determine the diagnostic accuracy for UTI and to derive pyuria thresholds for UTI in older women. METHODS: Women ≥65 years with ≥2 new-onset LUTS and 1 uropathogen ≥104 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL were included in the UTI group. Controls were asymptomatic and classified as ASB (1 uropathogen ≥105 CFU/mL), negative culture, or mixed flora. Patients with an indwelling catheter or antimicrobial pretreatment were excluded. Leukocyte medians were compared and sensitivity-specificity pairs were derived from a receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: We included 164 participants. UTI patients had higher median urinary leukocytes compared with control patients (microscopy: 900 vs 26 leukocytes/µL; flowcytometry: 1575 vs 23 leukocytes/µL; P < .001). Area under the curve was 0.93 for both methods. At a cutoff of 264 leukocytes/µL, sensitivity and specificity of microscopy were 88% (positive and negative likelihood ratio: 7.2 and 0.1, respectively). The commonly used cutoff of 10 leukocytes/µL had a poor specificity (36%) and a sensitivity of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of pyuria can help to distinguish UTI in older women from ASB and asymptomatic controls with pyuria. Current pyuria cutoffs are too low and promote inappropriate UTI diagnosis in older women. Clinical Trials Registration. International Clinical Trials Registry Platform: NL9477 (https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NL9477).

Optimizing reflex urine cultures: Using a population-specific approach to diagnostic stewardship.

BACKGROUND: Clinicians and laboratories routinely use urinalysis (UA) parameters to determine whether antimicrobial treatment and/or urine cultures are needed. Yet the performance of individual UA parameters and common thresholds for action are not well defined and may vary across different patient populations. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we included all encounters with UAs ordered 24 hours prior to a urine culture between 2015 and 2020 at 3 North Carolina hospitals. We evaluated the performance of relevant UA parameters as potential outcome predictors, including sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV). We also combined 18 different UA criteria and used receiver operating curves to identify the 5 best-performing models for predicting significant bacteriuria (≥100,000 colony-forming units of bacteria/mL). RESULTS: In 221,933 encounters during the 6-year study period, no single UA parameter had both high sensitivity and high specificity in predicting bacteriuria. Absence of leukocyte esterase and pyuria had a high NPV for significant bacteriuria. Combined UA parameters did not perform better than pyuria alone with regard to NPV. The high NPV ≥0.90 of pyuria was maintained among most patient subgroups except females aged ≥65 years and patients with indwelling catheters. CONCLUSION: When used as a part of a diagnostic workup, UA parameters should be leveraged for their NPV instead of sensitivity. Because many laboratories and hospitals use reflex urine culture algorithms, their workflow should include clinical decision support and or education to target symptomatic patients and focus on populations where absence of pyuria has high NPV.

Kidney outcome after mild to moderate COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a remarkable kidney tropism. While kidney effects are common in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), data on non-severe courses are limited. Here we provide a multilevel analysis of kidney outcomes after non-severe COVID-19 to test for eventual kidney sequela. METHODS: This cross-sectional study investigates individuals after COVID-19 and matched controls recruited from the Hamburg City Health Study (HCHS) and its COVID-19 program. The HCHS is a prospective population-based cohort study within the city of Hamburg, Germany. During the COVID-19 pandemic the study additionally recruited subjects after polymerase chain reaction-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections. Matching was performed by age, sex and education. Main outcomes were estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albuminuria, Dickkopf3, haematuria and pyuria. RESULTS: A total of 443 subjects in a median of 9 months after non-severe COVID-19 were compared with 1328 non-COVID-19 subjects. The mean eGFR was mildly lower in post-COVID-19 than non-COVID-19 subjects, even after adjusting for known risk factors {ß = -1.84 [95% confidence interval (CI) -3.16 to -0.52]}. However, chronic kidney disease [odds ratio (OR) 0.90 (95% CI 0.48-1.66)] or severely increased albuminuria [OR 0.76 (95% CI 0.49-1.09)] equally occurred in post-COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 subjects. Haematuria, pyuria and proteinuria were also similar between the two cohorts, suggesting no ongoing kidney injury after non-severe COVID-19. Further, Dickkopf3 was not increased in the post-COVID-19 cohort, indicating no systematic risk for ongoing GFR decline [ß = -72.19 (95% CI -130.0 to -14.4)]. CONCLUSION: While mean eGFR was slightly lower in subjects after non-severe COVID-19, there was no evidence for ongoing or progressive kidney sequela.

Prevalence of signs of lower urinary tract disease and positive urine culture in dogs with diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: No recent studies have evaluated the association between clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) and positive urine culture in dogs with diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE: Determine the prevalence of subclinical bacteriuria (ie, positive urine culture without signs of LUTD) in dogs with diabetes mellitus. ANIMALS: One hundred seven dogs with diabetes mellitus were evaluated at a university veterinary hospital. METHODS: Retrospective study evaluating diabetic dogs with a single sample paired urinalysis and urine culture. Relationship between the presence of signs of LUTD, pyuria, and bacteriuria and urine culture results were compared using Fisher exact testing. RESULTS: Fifteen dogs (14%) had a positive urine culture via cystocentesis or free catch, of which 8 (53%) had pyuria, and 4 (27%) had signs of LUTD. Of the 88 dogs (82%) without signs of LUTD, 11 (13%) had a positive culture. A significant association was found between a positive urine culture and pyuria (OR infinity; 95% CI 20.34-infinity, P < .00001) and bacteriuria (OR infinity; 95% CI 164.4-infinity, P < .00001). No association was found between urine culture results and signs of LUTD (OR 1.87; 95% CI 0.59-6.85, P = .46). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Subclinical bacteriuria occurred in this cohort of dogs, and our findings reinforce the recommendation that urine cultures should not be routinely performed in diabetic dogs particularly if pyuria and bacteriuria are absent.

Pyuria in Children with Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

Acute kidney injury occurs frequently during pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We reviewed urinalyses from 561 children with DKA; pyuria was detected in 19% overall and in 40% of children with more comprehensive urine testing (≥3 urinalyses) during DKA.

A new model to assist decision-making of optimal antibiotics duration for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria or pyuria prior to retrograde intrarenal surgery.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to establish a model that predicts postoperative fever and enables decision-making regarding optimal antibiotic therapy duration for asymptomatic bacteriuria or pyuria prior to retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 667 consecutive patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria or pyuria who underwent RIRS between September 2016 and December 2019. We constructed a predictive nomogram for risk quantification of postoperative infection. A preoperative score model was used for risk stratification. The effect of antibiotic therapy duration (short-course [2-3 days] vs. long-course [≥4 days]) was evaluated. RESULTS: Infections occurred in 113 (16.9%) patients. The incidence of fever was marginally lower in long-course group than in short-course group (15% vs. 19%, P=0.173). Hydronephrosis, stone size, multi-drug resistant bacteriuria, and degree of pyuria were used to construct a preoperative score model (the H-SMP score). Using the H-SMP score, the patients were stratified into low- and high-risk groups based on varying incidence rates of postoperative fever (11.0% vs. 29.9%, P<0.001). Significant reduction in fever occurred only among high-risk patients in the long-course group (23.5% vs. 38.0%, P=0.022), and no such reduction in postoperative fever rates occurred in low-risk patients (10.4% vs. 11.5%, P=0.712). Even after propensity score matching, the low-risk group showed no improvement in postoperative fever incidence with long-course antibiotic therapy (7.5% vs. 10.0%, P=0.419). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the newly developed H-SMP score, we concluded that long-course antibiotics (≥4 days) recommended in high-risk patients may not bring in more benefit in low-risk patients for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria or pyuria prior to RIRS.